Study Guide: COVID-19 Variants and Symptoms in Children

Quiz

Answer the following questions in 2-3 complete sentences, based on the provided context.

1. What are the general symptoms of COVID-19 cases being observed in the 2024-2025 season, which resemble an upper respiratory tract infection?
2. Name the two new Omicron sub-variants mentioned in the text and describe the global trend they have caused.
3. What is the most distinctive symptom associated with the Nimbus (NB.1.8.1) variant, and what other classic COVID symptoms can accompany it?
4. According to international guidelines, which testing method is considered the most reliable for diagnosing COVID-19, and why?
5. What trend has been observed in COVID-19 cases among young children in relation to the start of the school year?
6. Besides the sharp sore throat, what other symptoms have been observed in Turkey related to the Nimbus variant?
7. What are the primary symptoms associated with the Stratus (XFG) variant, and what unique symptom has it been reported to cause in some patients?
8. According to health authorities, is it appropriate to diagnose COVID-19 based solely on symptoms? Explain the recommended approach.
9. What specific pediatric groups are identified as needing special attention, and what recommendation is made for them?
10. What is the assessment from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control regarding the threat level of the Nimbus variant?

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Answer Key

1. The general symptoms observed present as an upper respiratory tract infection. These include nasal congestion or runny nose, cough, fatigue, fever or chills, head and muscle aches, sore throat, sneezing, shortness of breath, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, and occasionally, loss of taste or smell.
2. The two new Omicron sub-variants are Nimbus (NB.1.8.1) and Stratus (XFG). Their emergence has led to a slow-moving summer wave of COVID-19 infections globally.
3. The most distinctive symptom of the Nimbus variant is a sharp sore throat, described colloquially as a “razor-like sore throat.” This can be accompanied by classic symptoms such as fatigue, fever, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
4. International guidelines prioritize nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), such as PCR tests, as the most reliable diagnostic method. This is because PCR tests detect the virus’s genetic material, providing higher accuracy than rapid antigen tests.
5. Global data, particularly from America, shows that the increase in cases at the end of summer and just before schools open has most significantly affected young children. The highest rates of emergency room visits were observed in the 0-4 age group in August 2025.
6. In Turkey, the Nimbus variant has been observed to cause digestive system complaints in addition to common respiratory symptoms. These include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, alongside runny nose, headache, fatigue, sneezing, and sore throat.
7. The Stratus (XFG) variant presents with symptoms similar to other Omicron lineages, such as chills, shortness of breath, sore throat, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and gastrointestinal issues. In some cases, it has also been reported to cause hoarseness.
8. No, infection disease guidelines state that diagnosing COVID-19 based on symptoms alone is incorrect. A diagnosis must be confirmed with either a PCR or a rapid antigen test to ensure accuracy, as symptoms can be easily confused with the flu and other viruses.
9. Children with chronic illnesses or weakened immune systems require special attention. It is strongly recommended that these children receive their booster shots to maintain protection.
10. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control has stated that the Nimbus variant does not pose an extra threat compared to other Omicron lineages. Furthermore, it is noted that existing vaccines remain effective in providing protection against it.