2. Clinical Manifestations and Symptoms

The symptoms of a jellyfish sting are categorized as either local (affecting the immediate area of contact) or systemic (affecting the entire body).

Local Symptoms

These symptoms appear almost instantly upon contact and are the most common presentation of a jellyfish sting.

• Pain: An immediate, severe, and sharp pain described as burning, stinging, or throbbing.
• Cutaneous Marks: Red or purple tracks, often in a linear or grid-like pattern, appear on the skin, tracing the points of contact with the tentacles. These marks can develop into welts, blisters, or general swelling.
• Itching: Intense itching often accompanies or follows the initial pain.
• Persistent Marks: The visible “sting mark” or izi can remain on the skin for several days or weeks before fading. In most cases, these marks are not permanent.

Systemic Symptoms

Systemic reactions are rare but indicate a more serious envenomation or an allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) that requires emergency medical intervention.

• Gastrointestinal Distress: Nausea and vomiting.
• Neurological Effects: Headache and dizziness.
• Musculoskeletal Issues: Muscle pain, cramps, or spasms.
• Cardiopulmonary Distress: Shortness of breath and heart palpitations are critical signs of a severe allergic reaction.
• Loss of Consciousness: In the most extreme cases, particularly with highly venomous species, loss of consciousness can occur.